But when a Black teenager named Eugene Williams crossed an invisible color line located near 29th Street, white Chicagoans lashed out at him.Ī group of white beachgoers hurled rocks at the teenager, causing him to drown. At first, it seemed like any other summer day in the city. It all started on July 27, 1919, when Chicagoans flocked to the beaches of Lake Michigan to swim. The Chicago Riots And The Red Summer of 1919Ī mob of white men stone and beat a Black victim outside a home in Chicago during the 1919 race riot.ĭuring the Red Summer of 1919, racial tensions boiled over in Chicago. And even when they were able to find somewhat nicer homes, white residents violently attacked them. The city often pushed Black residents into tenement housing. Instead of formal Jim Crow laws, the city simply enforced segregation in other ways. Unfortunately, for many families who moved north, Chicago was not an escape from discrimination. But this wave of migration quickly fueled tensions between Black and white communities in Chicago. The nation’s largest Black newspaper, the Chicago Defender, promoted a vision of prosperity for African Americans in the city. And as foreign immigration rates plummeted around this time, African American workers stepped in.įinally, Black Chicagoans encouraged Southerners to come to the North. In the advent of World War I, an increasingly industrialized city needed as many workers as possible to keep the place running. So it’s no surprise why they would want to live in a place where they could hypothetically have more freedom.Īnother factor was Chicago’s need for more workers. In the South, the rise of Jim Crow restrictions essentially made Black people second-class citizens. All told, more than 500,000 Black Southerners moved to Chicago throughout the Great Migration.īut what drove this Great Migration in the first place? One big factor was Jim Crow. In the decades following, the number continued to grow and grow. So during the Great Migration, Chicago’s Black population skyrocketed.īetween 19, the city’s African American population more than doubled. Over 6 million Black Americans left the South during the early and mid-20th century. In 1942, judging is purpose achieved, the ASWPL disbanded.Jacob Lawrence/National Archives and Records AdministrationĪrtist Jacob Lawrence’s painting, titled, “During the World War there was a great migration North by Southern Negroes.” 1941. In May 1940, the organization was able to mark ’12 months without a lynching’. ![]() ![]() The ASWPL established groups in all southern states, which by the early 1940s had a combined membership of 4 million. In 1938, there were 6 lynchings, in 4 states: 3 in Mississippi, and 1 each in Florida, Georgia and Louisiana.In 1937, another 8 lynchings occurred, spread over 5 states: 3 in Florida, 2 in Mississippi, and 1 each in Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee.In 1936, there were ‘only’ 8 lynchings, in just 3 states: 6 in Georgia, and 1 each in Arkansas and Florida.In 1935, the figure increased to 20, across 8 states: 7 in Mississippi, 4 in Louisiana, 2 in Florida, Georgia and Texas each, and 1 in California, North Carolina and Tennessee.In 1934, the total halved again to 14 lynchings, limited to 7 southern states: 6 in Mississippi alone, 2 each in Florida and Louisiana, and 1 each in Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee and Texas.In 1933, the total rose dramatically, to 28 lynchings, in a total of 11 states: 4 in Georgia, Louisiana and South Carolina, 3 in Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee, 2 in California and Texas, and 1 each in Maryland, Missouri and North Carolina.In 1932, 8 lynchings were reported, each a single occurrence in each state: Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, Texas and Virginia.In 1931, the total fell to 13 lynchings, in 8 states: 3 in Mississippi, 2 in Florida, Louisiana and West Virginia, and 1 in Alabama, Missouri, North Dakota and Tennessee.In 1930, there were 21 lynchings reported, across 9 states: 6 in Georgia, 4 in Mississippi, 3 in Texas, 2 in both Indiana and South Carolina, and 1 in Alabama, Florida, North Carolina and Oklahoma each.
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